创业初期,张总让发小代持了30%股权,图个方便。
后来两人闹翻,发小背着他把股权质押给了别人,张总这才发现,自己这个「真老板」在法律上什么都不是。
01
代持普遍,却危险
常见场景:规避限购、隐藏实际控制人、员工股权激励、家族财富传承。
代持协议在双方之间是合同,但对外只认工商登记——名义股东才是「法律上的股东」。
一旦名义股东出事,代持股权可能被冻结、拍卖、继承,实际出资人只能事后追讨。
如果你也面临让亲戚朋友代持了股权、担心哪天被坑,欢迎扫码添加企财盈在线客服(微信/电话:13312938845),我们把政策和申报节奏一起给你规划好。
02
显名化,或被征20%个税
代持还原(把股权从名义股东转回实际出资人),税务局通常认定为「股权转让」。
公式:应纳个税 =(转让价格-原始投资成本)×20%。
例:原始投资100万,公司净资产涨到1000万,核定转让价1000万,应纳个税 =(1000-100)×20% = 180万。
即便零元或平价转让,因不符合独立交易原则,也可能被核定调增所得额。
03
名义股东欠债,股权被强执
最高法(2018)民再325号:商业银行股权代持不被肯定,实际出资人权利仅为债权,不优先于名义股东债权人,代持股权可被强制执行。
本案中实际出资人不仅取不回股权,未来若还原,名义股东仍要对增值部分缴高额所得税。
代持人死亡,股权还可能被继承人当遗产继承,实际出资人需诉讼确权,耗时耗力。
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04
分红转让,处处是税
代持期间公司向名义股东分红,再转给实际出资人,税务局可认定实际受益人是实际出资人,按「股息红利」征20%个税。
名义股东擅自转让股权,转让时须缴个税;若其不缴,税务局强制执行,实际出资人权益无保障。
05
比代持更稳的方案
用有限合伙持股平台:实际出资人做LP,控制人做GP,工商登记透明、税负清晰、退出灵活。
确需代持的,务必签书面代持协议,留存出资证明、资金流水,提前与主管税务机关沟通还原口径。
一句话:能不代持就不代持,用架构解决,比靠「兄弟情」稳得多。
如果你也面临需要重新设计股权架构、把代持风险彻底拆掉,欢迎扫码添加企财盈在线客服(微信/电话:13312938845),我们把政策和申报节奏一起给你规划好。
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